Marina De Franceschini
VILLA ADRIANA. HADRIAN'S SECRET GARDEN I.
History of Excavations, Ancient Sources and Antiquarian Studies from the XVth to the XVIIth Centuries, 2016
pp. 240, 261 figure e cique piante pieghevoli di grande formato.
Villa Adriana vicino a Tivoli (Roma) è la più grande e famosa villa romana imperiale e non ha bisogno di alcuna presentazione. Ma il sito dell'Accademia sì, perché si trova in una proprietà privata, nella parte meridionale della Villa, non è aperto al pubblico ed è molto poco conosciuto e studiato.
Questo è il motivo per cui l'autrice ha deciso di focalizzare su di esso la sua attenzione, utilizzando per la prima volta una tecnologia digitale e una tecnica a scansione laser per tracciare una nuova pianta aggiornata e scoprire la configurazione dell'area.
Dopo questa indagine, il punto di partenza del lavoro è stato rappresentato dalla lettura di precedenti fonti e studi antiquari e dalla raccolta di mappe e disegni antichi, per vedere che cosa era stato fatto e analizzato in precedenza: uno straordinario viaggio tra i più grandi artisti di tutti i tempi, che hanno visitato e studiato l'Accademia e il resto della Villa.
Questo è il modo e il motivo per cui il volume è nato: raccontare la storia del palazzo e delle sue opere d'arte, e parlare degli artisti eccezionali, antiquari e architetti, che vi hanno studiato e sono stati ispirati dalle sue imponenti rovine. Riscoprire questo luogo è anche importante per capire la natura di una struttura che alcuni studiosi hanno creduto essere stata una villa all'interno della Villa, e precisamente la residenza della moglie di Adriano, Vibia Sabina.
Dato che di questo non ci sono prove, è ancora maggiore l'importanza di sapere di più su un sito che, benché mal conservato, può ancora rispondere a domande circa la sua vera natura e connotazione.
La scelta dell'autrice di scrivere in lingua inglese si propone lo scopo di ampliare la conoscenza e aprire al mondo intero l'analisi di un monumento importante come nessun altro, che da diversi decenni ha un posto di eccellenza all'interno del patrimonio mondiale UNESCO.
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INDICE:
Tables of Contents: Anna Maria Reggiani, Introduction. Bernard Frischer, Introduction. Urbano Barberini, Presentation. Author's Note. Acknowledgements.
Chapter 1. The Renaissance and Roman antiquity: 1. Humanism, Renaissance and Hadrian's Villa.
Chapter 2. Hadrian's Villa in the XVth century: rediscovery after oblivion: 1. The descriptions of the Historia Augusta and of Sextus Aurelius Victor, abandonment and the rediscovery: 1. 1. Biondo Flavio and Pope Pius II. 2. The first excavations at Hadrian's Villa: 2. 1. The excavation of the Odeon; 2. 2. The excavation of the Telamons or 'Cioci di Tivoli'. 3. The first drawings of Fra' Giocondo. 4. Conclusions.
Chapter 3. Francesco di Giorgio Martini. The oldest drawings of the Accademia: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Hadrian's Villa; 3. The Accademia in the drawings of Francesco di Giorgio Martini: 3. 1. The plan of the Accademia; 3. 2. The elevation of the Temple of Apollo. 4. Conclusions.
Chapter 4. Hadrian's Villa in the XVIth century. Large-scale excavations and early studies: 1. The first large-scale excavations: 1. 1. Excavations in the Accademia: 1. 1. 1. Excavations of Bindo Altoviti (XVIth century); 1. 2. Excavations in other parts of the Villa: 1. 2. 1. Excavations of Pirro Ligorio for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este (1550-1568); 1. 2. 2. Excavations of Giovan Battista Cappuccini and Biscanti (mid-XVIth century); 1. 2. 3. Excavations 'of Marcantonio Palosi' (XVIth century); 1. 2. 4. Excavations 'of Cardinal Marcello Cervini' (1535?, 1550?); 1. 2. 5. Excavations 'of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese' (1535-1538?); 1. 2. 6. Excavations 'of Cardinal Carlo Carafa' (1540?). 2. Plans and drawings of the Accademia and other buildings (XVIth century): 2. 1. Andrea Palladio (1554 c.); 2. 2. Pirro Ligorio (1550 c.); 2. 3. Draftsman of the Destailleur Codex (mid-XVIth century); 2. 4. Giovannantonio Dosio (1563 c.); 2. 5. Anonymous Portuguese (or Francisco Castillo?) (1568-1580); 2. 6. Giovan Battista Cavalieri (1585); 2. 7. Drawings in the Albertina Library at Vienna (XVIth century). 3. Historical studies of the XVIth century: 3. 1. Pirro Ligorio (1550-1579); 3. 2. Giovanni Maria Zappi (1580); 3. 3. Marco Antonio Nicodemi (mid-XVIth century); 3. 4. Giovanni Maria de' Bardi, of the Counts of Vernio (end-XVIth century). 4. Other artists and Hadrian's Villa. 5. Appendix: original Italian texts.
Chapter 5. Bindo Altoviti, one of the first owners of the Accademia: 1. Biographical notes; 2. The Altoviti and Hadrian's Villa; 2. 1. The Altoviti properties in Hadrian's Villa; 2. 2. The discoveries of the Altoviti in Hadrian's Villa. 3. Conclusions.
Chapter 6. Andrea Palladio. Looking for perfect proportions: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Andrea Palladio and Hadrian's Villa; 3. The Accademia in the plan by Palladio; 4. Conclusions.
Chapter 7. Pirro Ligorio, great antiquarian and first scholar: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Pirro Ligorio, Tivoli and the Villa d'Este; 3. Pirro Ligorio and Hadrian's Villa: 3. 1. The Codices of Ligorio; 3. 2. The descriptions of Hadrian's Villa in the Codices of Ligorio; 3. 3. The drawings for the general plan of Hadrian's Villa; 3. 4. What happened to the plans of Hadrian's Villa drawn by Ligorio? 4. The plan of the Accademia (1560); 5. The elevation of the Temple of Apollo [Ac78]; 6. The Accademia in the description of the Codice di Torino; 7. Conclusions: 7. 1. Summary on the Accademia. 8. Appendix: 1. Ligorio's original Italian text; 2. Text of Ligorio on his excavations in other buildings of Hadrian's Villa; 3. Text of Ligorio mentioning his plan of Hadrian's Villa; 4. Letters of Athanasius Kircher on Ligorio's documents in the Barberini archive; 5. Letter of Ambassador Ludovico d'Agliè to Cardinal Francesco Barberini about the drawings of Ligorio sold after his death.
Chapter 8. Ippolito II d'Este, Cardinal of Ferrara. The magnificentia in Tivoli: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Ippolito II, Tivoli and Hadrian's Villa.
Chapter 9. The Accademia in the XVIth-century drawings. A stucco ceiling and a mosaic: 1. Three drawings of a stucco ceiling; 2. Stucco ceiling; 2. 1. Conclusions on the ceiling, comparing the drawings. 3. Mosaic floor; 4. The Accademia stucco ceiling as model for Renaissance decoration: 4. 1. Giovanni da Udine, ceiling in Venice (before 1527); 4. 2. Luzio Romano, ceiling in Castel Sant'Angelo (before 1544-1545); 4. 3. Camillo Filippi, ceiling in Ferrara, Palazzina of Marfisa d'Este (after 1559). 5. Conclusions.
Chapter 10. Hadrian's Villa in the XVIIth century. A new general plan and many small excavations: 1. The owners of Hadrian's Villa in the XVIIth century: 1. 1. North-east and central area of the Villa; 1. 2. Central area of the Villa; 1. 3. South and west area of the Villa. 2. The excavations of the XVIIth century: 2. 1. Excavations in the Accademia: 2. 1. 1. Excavations of Giovanni Giacomo and Giovan Francesco Bulgarini (1630 c.); 2. 2. Excavations in the rest of the Villa; 2. 2. 1. Excavations of Francesco Contini (after 1634); 2. 2. 2. Excavations of Camillo Arcucci for Cardinal Francesco Barberini (XVIIth century?); 2. 2. 3. Excavations of the Jesuit fathers (mid-XVIIth century); 2. 2. 4. Excavations of Giovanni Maria Baratta (XVIIth century); 2. 2. 5. Excavations in the Maritime Theatre?; 2. 2. 6. Anonymous excavation of 1655. 3. Plans and drawings of the XVIIth century: 3. 1. Contini's 'clean copy' of the plan of the Accademia by Ligorio (1634 c.); 3. 2. The general plan of Francesco Contini (1668); 3. 3. The general plan of Contini edited by Athanasius Kircher (1671); 3. 4. The general plan of Camillo Arcucci (1630 c.). 4. Historical studies of the XVIIth century: 4. 1. Antonio del Re (1611); 4. 2. Fabio Croce (1664); 4. 3. Francesco Marzi and Michele Giustiniani (1665); 4. 4. Girolamo Fabri (1672); 4. 5. Gasparo Alveri (XVIIth century); 4. 6. Pietro Sante Bartoli (mid-XVIIth century); 4. 7. Giovanni Pietro Bellori (1664). 5. Other characters of the XVIIth century in connection with the Accademia of Hadrian's Villa: 5. 1. Cassiano dal Pozzo (1588-1657); 5. 2. Alessandro Algardi (1595-1654); 5. 3. Camillo Pamphilj (1622-1686); 5. 4. Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689); 5. 5. Francesco Borromini (1599-1667). 6. Conclusions. 7. Appendix: 1. Contini's original text on landowners in Hadrian's Villa; 2. Original Italian text of del Re.
Chapter 11. The Bulgarini in the XVIIth century. The first excavations at the Accademia: 1. Giovanni Giacomo and Giovan Francesco Bulgarini; 2. The Bulgarini properties at Hadrian's Villa; 3. Bulgarini finds in the XVIIth century. Catalogue: 3. 1. Statue of Child Dionysus, rosso antico marble; 3. 2. Seated statue from the Nymphaum of the Pratorium; 3. 3. The Barberini Candelabra. 4. Appendix. Original Italian text quoted in footnotes.
Chapter 12. Francesco Barberini, Governor of Tivoli and patron of the arts: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Francesco Barberini and Hadrian's Villa.
Chapter 13. Francesco Contini. The first complete plan and rational description of the Villa: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Francesco Contini and Hadrian's Villa; 3. The plan of the Accademia in the 'clean copy' of Ligorio's sketch (1634 c.): 3. 1. The details of the plan: 3. 1. 1. The Belvedere [Ac1] and surrounding rooms [Ac2-5]; 3. 1. 2. Double portico [Ac6-7] and northern rooms [Ac9-14]; 3. 1. 3. Rooms north of the Temple of Apollo [Ac18-74]; 3. 1. 4. The Temple of Apollo [Ac78] and surrounding rooms [Ac75-90]; 3. 1. 5. The Nymphaum of the Pratorium; 3. 1. 6. The esplanades of Accademia and Pratorium, and the Nymphaum above the Canopus. 4. The general plan of Hadrian's Villa (1668); 5. The Accademia esplanade in the general plan of Contini (1668); 6. The Accademia in the general plan of Contini (1668): 6. 1. The plan in detail: 6. 1. 1. Belvedere [Ac1] and surrounding rooms [Ac1-5]; 6. 1. 2. The double portico [Ac6-8] and rooms on the north side [Ac9-14]; 6. 1. 3. Rooms north of the Temple of Apollo [Ac18-69]; 6. 1. 4. The Temple of Apollo [Ac78] and surrounding rooms [Ac71-91]; 6. 1. 5. New rooms south of the portico [Ac99-106]; 6. 1. 6. The Nymphaum of the Pratorium; 6. 1. 7. Rooms towards the Fosso di Risicoli and subterranean service corridors. 7. Conclusions. 8. Appendix: Contini's original Italian text. 9. Contini's original Italian plates I-IV and VI-X.
Chapter 14. Cassiano dal Pozzo. The Museo Cartaceo (Paper Museum): the first virtual museum: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Cassiano dal Pozzo and the Museo Cartaceo (Paper Museum); 3. Cassiano dal Pozzo and Hadrian's Villa.
Chapter 15. Athanasius Kircher. Special effects, wisdom and wonders: 1. Biographical notes; 2. Athanasius Kircher and Hadrian's Villa: 2. 1. The new edition of the general plan of Contini; 2. 2. The description of the Accademia. 3. Appendix: Kircher's Italian text.
Chapter 16. Some remarks and conclusions on the first three centuries of studies of Hadrian's Villa: 1. The XVth century; 2. The XVIth century; 3. The XVIIth century; 4. Conclusion.
Bibliography.
Indices: General Index; Index of names; Index of sculptures, relief and marbles.
Index of folding Plans: 1. 1. General plan of Hadrian's Villa by Michael Ytterberg; 1. 2. Plan of the Accademia (De Franceschini, Pavanello, Andreatta 2010); 1. 3. General plan by Francesco Contini (1668); 1. 4. Plan of the Accademia and surrounding area (De Franceschini, Pavanello, Andreatta 2010)